When considering a used 2019 Toyota Highlander in the American market, it's essential to analyze various trim levels and their associated features, weaknesses, and common issues.

Trim Levels Overview:

The 2019 Toyota Highlander comes in several trims: L, LE, XLE, SE, Limited, and Platinum. Each has its unique offerings and drawbacks.

1. Highlander L

• Key Features: Entry-level trim with basic features, including Toyota Safety Sense.
• Weak Points: Limited infotainment features and no advanced technology compared to higher trims.

2. Highlander LE

• Key Features: Adds a touchscreen display, a power-adjustable driver's seat, and satellite radio.
• Weak Points: The material quality can feel cheaper compared to higher trims.

3. Highlander XLE

• Key Features: Upscale features like leather upholstery, more connectivity options, and optional sunroof.
• Weak Points: It can become costly when adding options; the powertrain remains standard.

4. Highlander SE

• Key Features: Sportier design elements, larger wheels, and a more aggressive stance.
• Weak Points: May sacrifice ride comfort for sportier performance characteristics.

5. Highlander Limited

• Key Features: Premium leather upholstery, upgraded audio systems, and advanced safety features.
• Weak Points: Pricey; maintaining premium features may incur higher repair costs.

6. Highlander Platinum

• Key Features: Top-end features including a panoramic sunroof, high-end audio system, and advanced driver-assistance systems.
• Weak Points: The cost can be prohibitive, meaning depreciation may be significant compared to the initial price.

Common Issues:

1. Engine:

   • Common concerns may include oil consumption issues and related leaks.
   • Mileage: Issues often arise around 50,000-70,000 miles.

2. Transmission:

   • Problems can include harsh shifting and occasional slipping.
   • Mileage: Most issues surface around 70,000-100,000 miles.

3. Suspension:

   • Noisy struts or premature wear on bushings.
   • Mileage: Typically noticeable after 40,000-60,000 miles depending on driving conditions.

4. Electronics:

   • Issues might include malfunctioning infotainment systems, camera errors, or sensor failures.
   • Mileage: These problems often emerge after 30,000-50,000 miles.

Diagnostics to Detect Issues:

• Visual Inspection: Look for leaks around the engine and under the vehicle. Check for uneven tire wear indicative of suspension problems.
• Test Drive: Pay attention to the shifting of gears, any wobbling or sounds during the drive, and responsiveness of the infotainment system.
• Diagnostic Scan Tool: Connecting an OBD-II scanner can help identify electronic issues or stored trouble codes from the engine and transmission systems.
• Suspension Check: Check for signs of premature wear by pushing down on the vehicle's corners to test strut response.

Systems Requiring Special Attention:

• Transmission and drivetrain: As these are costly to repair, ensure smooth operation during test drives.
• Electronics: The infotainment and advanced safety features should be tested in various modes (rear camera, parking sensors, etc.).
• Suspension: Listen for any unusual sounds during driving and check for any loose parts.

Ownership Experience on the Secondary Market:

• Fuel Efficiency: The Highlander has decent fuel economy for its class, averaging around 20-27 mpg depending on driving conditions; hybrids offer better efficiency.
• Breakdown Frequency: Common issues noted can lead to occasional breakdowns; however, the Highlander is considered reliable overall.
• Ease of Maintenance: Routine service is straightforward due to the availability of parts and widespread expertise with the Toyota brand.

Recommendations for Long-Term Reliability:

• Stick to scheduled maintenance (oil changes, fluid checks) as outlined in the owner's manual.
• Replace worn parts with OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) parts to ensure compatibility and reliability.
• Regularly inspect the vehicle for symptoms of wear, especially around the engine, transmission, and suspension systems.

Maintenance Costs & Risks:

• Costs: Generally, maintenance costs for the Highlander are lower than the class average due to widespread availability of parts and services.
• Risks: Buying a vehicle with an uncertain history (accidents or poor maintenance) can lead to unforeseen costs. It's advisable to procure a vehicle history report (Carfax or AutoCheck).

In summary, when evaluating a used 2019 Toyota Highlander, attention to detail in both its features and maintenance history is crucial. Employing thorough diagnostic checks can unveil potential problems, while being aware of each trim's strengths and weaknesses can help inform your purchasing decision in the American market.